|
Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
|
London’s Voluntary Hospitals in the Interwar Period: Growth, Transformation, or Crisis?
Martin Gorsky
University of Wolverhampton
John Mohan
University of Portsmouth
The establishment of the British National Health Service in 1948 was a watershed for the nonprofit sector, as the voluntary hospitals were taken into public ownership. This article surveys the voluntary hospitals of London in the last two peacetime decades of their existence. Although this was a period of significant expansion for the hospitals, there were also difficulties looming. City-wide data and records of individual institutions are used to explore the risk of deficit, the hospitals’ asset base, the demand for expenditure, and the changing basis of income. The analysis confirms and augments earlier discussion of gathering financial hardship. Finally, the growth of the municipal hospital service is detailed. The London County Council’s enthusiastic development of publicly funded institutions added to the problems of the voluntary sector. Public/nonprofit partnership remained underdeveloped, voluntary fundraising was undermined, and principled opposition was articulated by council members.
References
- Abel-Smith, B. (1960). History of the nursing profession. London: Heinemann.
- Abel-Smith, B. (1964). The hospitals 1800-1948: A study in social administration in England and Wales. London: Heinemann.
- Athlone Committee. (1939). Inter-departmental committee on nursing services, interim report. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
- Ayers, G. M. (1971). England’s first state hospitals and the Metropolitan Asylums Board. London: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine.
- Braithwaite, C. (1938). The voluntary citizen: An enquiry into the place of philanthropy in the community. London: Methuen.
- Burdett’s Hospitals and Charities. (1922-1927). Burdett’s Hospitals and Charities: The Yearbook of Philanthropy and Hospital Annual. London: The Scientific Press.
- Calnan, J. (1985). The Hammersmith: The first fifty years of the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital. Lancaster, UK: MTP Press.
- Cannadine, D. (1990). The decline and fall of the British aristocracy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Chamberlain papers (no. NC5/8/1/18). (1924). Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham, Special Collections.
- Cherry, S. (1992). Beyond national health insurance. The voluntary hospitals and hospital contributory schemes: A regional study. Social History of Medicine, 5(3), 455-482.[Abstract]
- Cherry, S. (1996). Accountability, entitlement and control issues and voluntary hospital funding c1860-1939. Social History of Medicine, 9(2), 215-233.[Abstract]
- Cherry, S. (1997). Before the national health service: Financing the voluntary hospitals, 1900-1939. Economic History Review, L(2), 305-326.
- Central Public Health Committee papers. (1930, May-July). London Metropolitan Archives (no. LCC/MIN/2227).
- Central Public Health Committee minutes (no. LCC/MIN/2208). (1931). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Central Public Health Committee minutes (no. LCC/MIN/2210). (1933). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Central Public Health Committee minutes. (1935). London: London Metropolitan Archives (no. LCC/MIN/2212).
- Cooter, R. (1992). The politics of a spatial innovation: Fracture clinics in inter-war Britain. In J. Pickstone (Ed.), Medical innovations in historical perspective (pp. 146-164). Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
- Crowther, M. A. (1981). The workhouse system 1834-1929. London: Batsford Academic and Educational.
- Eckstein, H. (1964) The English health service: Its origins, structure and achievements. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Editorial on Sankey Report. (1937, April 30). The Times.
- Finlayson, G. (1994). Citizen, state and social welfare in Britain 1830-1990. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
- Fox, D. M. (1986). Health policies, health politics: The British and American experience, 1911-1965. Princeton, NJ: Guildford, Princeton University Press.
- Frazer, W. M. (1950). Ahistory of English public health 1834-1939. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.
- The future development of the hospital system (no. MH/80/24). (n.d.). London: Public Record Office.
- Gibbon, G., & Bell, R. W. (1939). History of the London County Council, 1889-1939. London: Macmillan.
- Green, D. G. (1996). Medical Care without the State. In A. Seldon (Ed.), Re-privatising welfare after the lost century (pp. 33-37). London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
- Guy’s Hospital. (1919-1943). Guy’s Hospital Annual Report. London: Author.
- Guy’s Hospital. (1947-1948). Guy’s Hospital Annual Report. London: Author.
- Haliburton Hume, G. (1906). The history of the Newcastle Infirmary. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Andrew Reid.
- Ham, C. (1996). Public, private or community: What next for the NHS?London: Demos.
- Hastings, S. (1932). The people’s health. London: The Labour Party.
- Hirst, P. (1994). Associative Democracy: New forms of economic and social governance. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
- Honigsbaum, F. (1989). Health, happiness and security: The creation of the national health service. London: Routledge.
- Hospital for Sick Children. (1927). Hospital for Sick Children, annual report. London: Author.
- Hospital for Sick Children. (1945). Hospital for Sick Children, annual report. London: Author.
- Hospitals and Medical Services Committee minutes. (1937). London: London Metropolitan Archives (no. LCC/MIN/2214).
- Hospitals and Medical Services Committee minutes (no. LCC/MIN/2215). (1938). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Hospitals and Medical Services Committee minutes (no. LCC/MIN/2216). (1939). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Hospitals and Medical Services Committee papers (no. LCC/MIN/2249). (1938a, January-June). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Hospitals and Medical Services Committee papers (no. LCC/MIN/2250). (1938b, July-December). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- The Hospitals Yearbook. (1927-1943). The Hospitals Yearbook, issued under the auspices of the Joint Council of the Order of St John and the British Red Cross Society and the British Hospitals Association. London: Central Bureau of Hospital Information.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, twenty-fifth annual report. (1922). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, twenty-seventh annual report. (1924). London: Author.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, thirty-first annual report. (1928). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, thirty-fourth annual report. (1931). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, thirty-fifth annual report. (1932). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, thirty-seventh annual report. (1934). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, thirty-ninth annual report. (1936). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, forty-first annual report. (1938). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, statistical summary for the year 1920. (1921). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s hospital fund for London, statistical summary for the year 1921. (1922). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London, Statistical Summary for the Year 1938. (1939). London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- King’s College. (1919-1943). King’s College Hospital annual report. London: Author.
- Klein, R. (1989). The politics of the national health service (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
- London County Council. (1931). Annual report of the council 1930, Vol. IV (Part I) public health: Hospitals and general medical services. London: Author.
- London County Council. (1932). Annual report of the council 1931, Vol. IV (Part I) public health: General and special hospitals. London: Author.
- London County Council. (1934). Annual report of the council 1933, Vol. IV (Part II) public health: Hospital finance. London: Author.
- London County Council. (1935). Annual report of the council 1934, Vol. IV (Part I) hospitals and general medical services. London: Author.
- London County Council. (1937). Annual report of the council 1936, Vol. IV (Part I) public health: General and special hospitals. London: Author.
- London County Council. (1949). The LCC hospitals, a retrospect. London: Author.
- Lowe, R. (1993). The welfare state in Britain since 1945. Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan.
- Mackintosh, J. (1953). Trends of opinion about the public health 1901-51. London: Oxford University Press.
- Memo from Maude to Forber (no. MH/80/24). (1940, December 18). London: Public Record Office.
- Ministry of Health. (1934-1935). Sixteenth annual report of the Ministry of Health, 1934-5 (No. Cmd. 4978). London: HMSO.
- Ministry of Health and Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. (1945-1946). The hospital surveys (vols. 1-10). London: HMSO.
- Minutes of Evidence to the Cave Committee (no. MH/58/205). (1921). London: Public Record Office.
- Morrison, H., & Daines, D. (1935). London under Socialist rule. London: Labour Party.
- National Hospital. (1919-1943). National Hospital Queen Square annual report. London: Author.
- Onslow Commission. (1925). Voluntary Hospitals Commission, report on voluntary hospital accommodation in England and Wales. London: HMSO.
- Order of St. John. (1923). Fifth annual report on the voluntary hospitals in Great Britain. London: Central Bureau of Hospital Information.
- Owen, D. (1964). English philanthropy 1660-1960. London: Oxford University Press.
- Pater, J. E. (1981). The making of the national health service. London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- Patterson, K. D., & Pyle, G. F. (1991). The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 65, 4-21.[Web of Science][Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Pinker, R. (1966). English hospital statistics 1861-1938. London: Heinemann.
- Political and Economic Planning. (1937). Report on the British health services. London: Author.
- Post-war hospital policy (no. MH/80/34). (1941). London: Public Record Office.
- Powell, M. (1996). Acentury of hospital planning in London: From the House of Lords. Enquiry to the Tomlinson Report. London Journal, 21(2), 164-180.
- Powell, M. (1997). An expanding service: Municipal acute medicine in the 1930s. Twentieth Century British History, 8(3), 334-357.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Prochaska, F. K. (1992). Philanthropy and the hospitals of London: The King’s Fund, 1897-1990. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
- Prochaska, F. (1988). The voluntary impulse. London: Faber.
- The proposals for subvention of the London Voluntary Hospitals (no. MH/80/24). (1938). London: Public Record Office.
- Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital. (1919-1943). Queen Charlotte’s Maternity Hospital, annual report. London: Author.
- Queen Mary’s Hospital. (1919-1943). Queen Mary’s Hospital for the East End annual report. London: Author.
- The revised uniform system of hospital accounts, fourth edition. (1926). London: Geo. Barber & Son.
- Rivett, G. (1986). The development of the London hospital system, 1823-1982. London: King Edward’s Hospital Fund for London.
- Rosenberg, C. E. (1987). The care of strangers: The rise of America’s hospital system. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Rosner, D. (1982). A once charitable enterprise: Hospitals and health care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Royal Northern Hospital. (1919-1943). Royal Northern Hospital annual report. London: Author.
- Salamon, L. (1995). Partners in public service: Government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Sankey Commission. (1936). Proceedings of Voluntary Hospitals Commission. Unpublished proceedings, British Library of Economic and Political Science BHCSA 3/9, London.
- Sankey Commission. (1937). British Hospitals Association, report of the Voluntary Hospitals Commission. London: British Hospitals Association.
- Schwaber Kerson, T. (1981). Almshouse to municipal hospital: the Baltimore experience. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 55, 203-220.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Starr, P. (1982). The social transformation of American medicine. New York: Basic Books.
- Stewart, J. (1995). Socialist proposals for health reform in inter-war Britain: The case of Somerville Hastings. Medical History, 39, 338-357.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Stewart, J. (1997). "For a healthy London," The Socialist Medical Association and the London County Council in the 1930s. Medical History, 42, 417-436.
- Stewart, J. (1999). "The battle for health": Apolitical history of the Socialist Medical Association, 1930-51. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
- Stevens, R. (1989). In sickness and wealth: American hospitals in the twentieth century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Stone, Capt. J. E. (1927). Hospital organization and management (including planning and construction). London: Faber & Gwyer.
- Sturdy, S., & Cooter, R. (1998). Science, scientific management, and the transformation of medicine in Britain c.1870-1950. History of Science, xxxvi, 421-466.
- Titmuss, R. M. (1950). Problems of social policy. London: HMSO, Longmans, Green.
- United Kingdom. (1946). Hansard parliamentary debates, 5th ser., vol. 422, cols. 46-47.
- Vogel, M. J. (1980). The invention of the modern hospital, Boston 1870-1930. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- The voluntary hospitals (no. MH/80/24). (1940, May 7). Memo from Forber to Chrystal. London: Public Record Office.
- Voluntary Hospitals Committee, County of London. (1937). Report for the year 1937 (No. LCC/MIN/2249). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Voluntary Hospitals Committee, County of London. (1938). Minutes of the Voluntary Hospitals Committee (no. A/KE/63/2). London: London Metropolitan Archives.
- Waddington, K. (1995). "Bastard benevolence": Centralisation, voluntarism and the Sunday Fund 1873-1898. London Journal, 9, 151-167.
- Waddington, K. (1996). "Grasping gratitude": Charity and hospital finance in late-Victorian London. In M. Daunton (Ed.), Charity, self-interest and welfare in the English past (pp. 181-202). London: UCL Press.
- Waddington, K. (1998). Unsuitable cases: The debate over outpatient admissions, the medical professions and late-Victorian London hospitals. Medical History, 42, 26-46.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Webster, C. (1988). The health services since the war: Volume I, problems of health care, the national health service before 1957. London: HMSO.
- Webster, C. (1990). Conflict and consensus: Explaining the British health service. Twentieth Century British History, 1(2), 115-151.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
- Westminster Hospital. (1919-1943). Westminster Hospital annual report. London: Author.
- Willetts, D. (Member of Parliament). (1996, August 25). A buccaneer nation dares to be different. Sunday Times.
- Yeo, S. (1976). Religion and voluntary organizations in crisis. London: Croom Helm.
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 2,
247-275 (2001)
DOI: 10.1177/0899764001302005
 CiteULike  Complore  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
M. Gorsky
The British National Health Service 1948-2008: A Review of the Historiography
Soc Hist Med,
December 1, 2008;
21(3):
437 - 460.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
